|
|
Bourdieu uses this part of Distinction to disclaim the objectivist position of
the sociologist. The sociologist is not the "lame devil" or voyeur
who lifts the rooftops of houses to gaze upon the practices of
domesticity and furthermore, society. Rather, a sociologist deals
with agent practices that construct the objective structures of
the voyeur.
In many ways, Bourdieu argues that sociologists are concerned with
"vulgar" phenomena (agent practices), which like the "Cris" of
Paris in Bakhtin, point to the failure of linguistic and social
practices to signify transparently and in the simple manner of
transmission.
|
|
|
Degeneration is an attack on the artists of Fin de Siecle Europe, with detailed
and polemical analysis of poetry, drama, and the novel. In this
particular section of Nordau's book, the author attacks the poetry
of Verlaine: he feels that it is comparable to nurses murmuring
to babies in its associative aspect. Again an autonomy of language
raises an objection with the Author. For if artists "play" with
language, then language interrupts communication in the very act
of being designated to "speak".
To Nordau, the poetry of Verlaine touches on the cultural "bad"
taste of synaesthesia, or the mixing of the artifacts of perceptual
sense.
Nordau fails to look beyond transparent communication, to the practices
behind "opaque" language.
|
|
|
Having established that Rimbaud's poetry seeks to return to simpler times of
the feudal servant, we can turn to the question of medieval seriousness
that Rabelais set against degradation (Bakhtin, 174), without
forgetting that while the poetry of Rimbaud administers hallucinations
to
the reader, these do not allow an element of the grotesque found
in the everyday life and labor of the peasant, and therefore
simplify the marketplace and the space of labor or, what these
amount to,
namely, the commercial sites of production. Rimbaud formulates
a synesthetic space of hallucinations in his Delirium II: Alchemy
of the Word,
where vowels evoke, or more nearly consist of, colors:
I invented the color of the vowels--A black,
E white, I red, O blue, U green... I
flattered myself on devising a poetic
language accessible, one day or another, to
all the senses(Rimbaud, 77).
Here the desire is to establish a system of worship of the
medieval sophistication of natural categories, so that
the author embodies a cult of perversion’Äîwhether
or not when one enunciates another senses color (the distortion of a natural
sensorium) and the perversion of reasonable expectations of the employment
of this 'alternative' mode of characterizing perception.
' One day or another,' the
author feels his hallucinatory method will be canonized, if not immediately
seen for its intrinsic worth as ascribed by him, a method
resorting to the space of
poetry to explain what psychology and biology now present through much clearer
pictures, the foundations of misperception and hallucination, hallucination
that in Rimbaud is given to adventitiousness while curiously
being staged for poetic
effect:
I saw very plainly a mosque in place
of a factory, a school of drummers
composed of angels... a drawing room
at the bottom of a lake.
Rimbaud here sees fortuity in misperception, though not fortuity in empirical
investigation which creates a path to scientific discovery, or in the leap
of imagination when an author must redesign a selection of words, but a fortuity
of the failure of cognition (to divert the enchantments collected in my brain[Rimbaud,
89]). Necessarily this is a return to medieval mysticism and a return to
the
more simple feudal system.
It is no accident that Rimbaud's Delirium is also filled with images of peasant
life and the space of medievalism, that Rimbaud sees his synesthetic method
as an extension of the medieval process of thought (while one observes that
his
method does not account for complexity in the marketplace with elements of
the grotesque articulated by Rabelais and outlined by Bakhtin). The first
indications of the space of feudalism are aspects of an alchemy, a medieval
practice which
was attached to the needs of the period: with health, medieval alchemists
looked for a universal cure to disease, and with wealth, if only to provide
treatment,
medieval alchemists searched for ways to turn base metals into gold. As gold
would become valueless when any metal assumed the form of this expensive
commodity given the sheer volume of base metals, and as immortality would
imbalance the
population and its restrictions for the time, Rimbaud's poetry is extremely
short-sighted,
as it argues that man should return to his (Rimbaud's) conception of medieval
thought, as an alchemy of language.
Alchemy has a peculiar relationship to
the social evolution of medievalism, in that its practice
stems from concerns related to this social evolution, the well being of the
society, yet Rimbaud's use of language suggests an enlargement of extemporaneous
forms
of production disassociated from the social evolution of the time. This is
in keeping with other forms of mysticism of the period but is free of the
dose of
reality lent by various forms of degradation aimed at medieval seriousness:
Rabelais' Panurge, terrorized by mystic fantasies as he sat in a dark storeroom,
mistook
the cat for the devil and began to defecate (Bakhtin, 173). Here the austere-constitution
of a medieval personage fails to be read into the site of the Rabelaisian
marketplace, for it is the site of mystical production based upon an anachronism.
Again,
the fortuity in Rimbaud, which is unlike that found in novel creation and
scientific discovery, has no historical foundation:
Devour the flintstones crushed to bits,
The ancient stones of churches;
the cobbles left by old-time floods
Loaves scattered in gray valleys (Rimbaud, 85).
The failure of cognition pervades this segment of poetry, plus a romanticism
of the medieval where the components of architectural space are fetishized,
are given an enchantment through marginal description ('the cobbles'), putting
an
emphasis upon Christian governing forces in the European world without the
elements of the teratic. Given an exegesis of biblical texts in the middle
ages, the remnants
of architectural space which can be identified as simply old are equated
to the imagery of the old testament in a mawkish manner that aims to insert
medieval
cognition into 19th Century modes of production. This return to the feudal
spirit, through symbolist form, does at times suggest the historic setting
of the marketplace:
O Queen of Shepherds
Bear brandy to the laborers,
So that their strength may be at peace
Until the dip at midday in the sea.(ibid, 81)
Yet, this segment is devoid of the plague of diarrhea and the defecation
which is subsequent to the ingestion of food, or is devoid of the lowly language
found
in the 'Cris' of Paris (Bakhtin, 182). The intrinsic value of the language
in the genesis of literary form in Rabelais time is considerable according
to Bakhtin,
presenting a juxtaposition of language uses, the symbolist to the Rabelaisian,
where the former does not understand the importance of the latter. This language
use by Rimbaud does not anticipate the Rabelaisian language, as it is a hallucinatory
language, whereas the language of Rabelais takes into account the prospectus
of exchange down to the peasant's bodily functions...
|
|
|
|